Social Justice is NOT Achieved by Income Redistribution Essay -- Globa

The term â€Å"social justice† has existed since the 1840s and has continued to transform over the years. â€Å"Global justice† is simply another in a long line of interchangeable prefixes such as â€Å"national justice†, â€Å"economic justice† etc that precede the word justice. A plethora of policies are advocated under the name of â€Å"global justice†. This paper will consider the more popular proposal of income redistribution and consider its intellectual foundation and how it relates to justice, as well as its real world implications. The most apparent and theoretically, the most easily overcome obstacle inherent in this idea is the very definition of the term â€Å"social justice†. As the years go by the term grows to encompass an ever increasing number of issues. It can mean anything from income redistribution to AIDS prevention. For some contemporary examples, the student activist group Global Justice1 has no definition of the term it so prominently uses as its name yet states that its purpose deals with â€Å"AIDS, trade and child survival†. Nowhere does the organization attempt to explain why their particular stand on those particular issues has anything to do with â€Å"global justice†. USC professor Robin D.G. Kelley is the executive editor of the â€Å"Social Justice Wiki†2. The stated objective of the online encyclopedia is to document various activist groups and movements3. Any attempt to discern any further insight of the term 'social justice' from the very encyclopedia dedi cated to its name will result in failure as there is no indication as to why those specific groups fall under the banner of social justice and other groups do not, except for purely subjective and arbitrary guidelines4. The pervasiveness and the emptiness of the term speak volumes ab... ...e on â€Å"society†, but rather we have a clear case of who is being unjust to whom. The incredible irony of this situation would be that this legitimate and justifiable form of 'global justice' (in which case the guilty parties were unjust in their individual conduct and are clearly identified) would usually be invoked in order to counter policies enacted precisely under the justification of â€Å"social justice†. Perhaps â€Å"social justice† activists can redeem themselves of this past error, but only if they begin advocating against the injustice of trade barriers and immigration restrictions; for that is the only valid application of â€Å"justice on a global scale†. Any other justification for income redistribution leads to innocent individuals who justly acquired their material wealth, unjustly forced to pay compensation for the suffering of others they had no part in promoting.

Smart Grid Resolution, London Waste Dump Site and Maladroit’s Cosmetics Essay

One of the benefits of investing in this $100 million project includes rerouting power around bottlenecked lines. This allows Xcel Energy to deliver electricity to areas in Boulder that have a very high demand that the previous conventional electrical grid was unable to service effectively. This smart-grid system also enables Xcel Energy to detect and reduce power outages, identify false alarms more quickly and read customer meters remotely. This in return will lead to a reduction in the number of times the service crews are sent out to those locations, thus making the service crews more productive. Combining the efficiency of the smart-grid electrical system and the reduction of outages will allow Xcel Energy to capture cost-savings more appropriately. Additionally, this electrical smart-grid allows customers to monitor their individual power use reducing household usage by up to 30% in some cases, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction. Although this may lead to a decrease in revenue for Xcel Energy, the smart-grid system enables integration of renewable generation, an increase in overall system efficiency, a more robust electrical system and an ability to recover under-utilized and wasted energy. We can’t say for sure, but this may actually benefit Xcel Energy in the long-run as they will recover lost revenue through their decreased operational costs using the smart-grid electrical system. What conflicts do you suspect might have occurred between all the different stakeholders in this project? In any project there are four main stakeholders. This includes Client, Parent Organization, Project Team and the Public. In the case of Xcel Energy’s smart-grid project, both the client and public would be the population of Boulder, CO. The Parent Organization is Xcel Energy and the project team includes representatives from Accenture consulting for engineering, energy industry consultants, leading technologists, business leaders and IT experts. Accenture provides consulting solutions in many major industrial sectors. According to the text, Accenture consulting for engineering was hired. Additionally, IT experts were also brought onto the team. Accenture provides IT solutions as part of their consulting portfolio so there may be some conflict between the two parties due to their different backgrounds and methods of doing business. Also security and privacy were of utmost importance to protect intellectual property, so it is in the best interests of the project team and the parent organization to control how much information they gave to the public and local media. However, the latter of the two recipients may have wanted more information, specifically, how this affects their electricity costs and demands in the long run causing another source of conflict. Internally, members of the project team will experience conflict caused by belonging to two different teams – their project team and functional team. Often, the head of the teams are two different people with different motives and goals, and the members have the responsibility to report to both and are therefore pulled in two different directions. The members of the project team experience almost total conflict as they compete for project resources and leadership roles. This is caused in part by the different backgrounds, attitudes and biases of each member. This would be especially apparent in the Xcel project where members from many different companies and departments are brought together, each with a unique way of accomplishing the tasks and work packages of the project. Turning London’s Waste Dump into the 2012 Olympics Stadium Which of the â€Å"triple constraints† seems to be the uppermost here? Which constraints was Crockford trading between? The text says Crockford â€Å"quickly† assembled a project team of over 1000 individuals in order to meet the mid-2011 completion date. A constant referral to time is also observed. The start date of construction was noted as May 2008 and although there was a delay due to re-designing the roof, the text ends by stating that the project was still on track to be completed by mid-2011. Therefore, Schedule is the triple constraint uppermost here. The design team for the 2012 Olympics Stadium planned a highly-compact field of play requiring a steel-beamed roof and on discovering that the steel-beamed roof as designed would create turbulence on the compact field, a lighter, more flexible roof was redesigned, which was made in part from recycled materials. This roof required less steel and cost less than the initial steel-beamed roof designed. Thus, Crockford traded between the Scope (Required Deliverables) and the Cost (Budget limit). Was the life cycle for this project S-shaped, J-shaped, or something else? Considering just the purpose of the river dredging as a project itself, what was the shape of its life cycle? The completion of London’s 2012 Olympic Stadium consisted of selecting the project team (consisting of over 1000 members), cleaning up the chosen site, design of the stadium, construction, delays and finally construction until completion. Therefore, the project life-cycle most likely followed a stretched S-shape curve similar to housing construction projects. The S-shaped curve is categorized by a slow start, followed by a quick build-up and a slow finish. This is a result of the changing levels of resources used during the successive stages of the life-cycle. The slow start in this case would be the clearing of the site and design of the stadium. Construction would also begin slowly but would quickly ramp up once all the raw materials are shipped to the location and base infrastructure completed. There is a delay (not uncommon – almost expected) when the team realizes the steel-beamed roof would create turbulence on the compact field. Finally, construction will slow down as specialized parts are ordered for the final touches (luxury spectator rooms, confectionary stands etc). The river dredging project followed a J-shaped curve. This is characterized by a slow start followed by an exponential increase in project completion over time. Moreover, the expenditure of resources has little correlation with overall progress. The team removed 30,000 tons of silt, gravel and garbage from the river. Getting the cranes and other heavy machinery used to remove garbage from the river would take time, but once there, they can quickly and effectively remove the waste from the river. Were there any ancillary goals for this project? What might they have been? The Olympic Delivery Authority’s goal to use recycled materials in the building of the 2012 Olympic Stadium can be considered as an ancillary goal. The use of recycled materials to build a lighter, more flexible roof creates opportunities whereby a stadium can be completely built from recycled materials in the future. An ancillary goal of making 55,000 of the 80,000 seats temporary would create a profitable stadium in the future because the cost of maintaining the area containing the seats is grossly reduced. Furthermore, a successful stadium results in a successful 2012 Olympics and ultimately increases tourism in England. Finally, Ian Crockford has greatly increased his reputation and experience as a project manager (as well as his subordinates and parent company too) which drastically increases his chances of managing future projects on this scale and beyond. Which of the project-defining factors in Section 1. 1 were active here. The project was identified as important by the Olympic Delivery Authority composed of politicians and other high-ranking members of society. The scope was clearly defined from the beginning of the project and was divided into sub-tasks to achieve the project goals. The due date of the project is also clearly defined as Mid-2011. Many interdependencies were at play such as the recycled metal from the police department and dredging of the river. The project was unique in that it had a temporary seating design, a lighter more flexible roof and designed specifically for the 2012 London Olympics. The budget was limited to ? 32 million and not unlike the Xcel Energy case detailed above; conflicts existed between the different stakeholders of the project. Therefore, all 7 of the project defining factors were active in the construction of the 2012 Olympics stadium. Maladroit Cosmetics Company Which of the three choices do you recommend and why? The third choice, that is, the company that manufactures the machines can handle the installation project for a fee close to what the installation would cost Maladroit is recommended for a number of reasons. The first being hat Maladroit becomes the customer in this transaction, and the company installing the machines would be performing the job and would have to do it according Maladroit’s specifications including any unseen delays not identified in the scope. We are also unsure of the qualifications of the members of her staff and if they capable of undertaking such a high risk project worth $4 million. Finally, she cannot handle the project informally out of office because the project is very important and she would not be able to devote as much time to the project as well as her current duties. If the project was one small machine at a total cost of $4,000, would your answer be different? Yes, we would recommend that she assigns the project to a member of her staff that could potentially be suited for a managerial role in the future. This low risk project would be an excellent test to see how well he or she is able to complete the project deliverables in a cost-effective and timely manner. Discuss the relative importance of the capital investment required versus the role of the investment in machinery. Capital investment can be defined as a commitment of the owner’s money to land, buildings or machinery. In this example, it is the commitment of the owner’s money to the installation of 6 machines worth $4million (note: the plant manager does not necessarily own the machines, rather, the shareholders or owners of the actual company do). The role of the investment in machinery is to replace the filling machines that have become obsolete within 6 months so that the company can continue to produce cosmetic products and generate revenue.

Personal Statement Seeking Admission in European Business...

Personal Statement It was Bob Marley who once said, Live the life you love. Love the life you live (Carver, 2012, p.163). Personally, I like engaging in only those activities I derive significant pleasure from. That way, I can be sure of giving my very best in whatever it is that I undertake. Over the last few years, I have developed a keen interest in matters oil and gas and in that regard, I would confidently say that this is the field I would like to spend the rest of my life in. It is for this reason that I seek to further enhance my expertise in the field by seeking admission in your institution for an MSc Oil and Gas Trade Management. To tell you a little bit about myself, I am originally from Russia and I have been living in London since I was 10 years old. Having undertaken my basic education in London, I had to discontinue my BA in Business Management (Honors) for one and a half years so as to serve under my father in the oil industry as his assistant. I must say that this is an experience that helped me have firsthand knowledge of the workings of the oil industry. Further, it is during this time that I developed keen interest in matters oil and gas. In seeking to further enhance my understanding of how the oil industry operates, I have also worked with LUKOIL which is regarded one of the biggest oil company in Russia. Given my strong desire to continue working in the oil industry, I intend to backup the experience I already have with sound academicShow MoreRelatedManagerial Decision Making Is Not Only Influenced By An Individual s Personality3026 Words   |  13 PagesThesis Statement: Managerial decision mak ing is not only influenced by an individual’s personality but also by some social factors. What is decision making? Defining decision making is a hard task just as it would be to define knowledge: it is a process we use on a daily basis, but when it comes to find a way to describe how it works we encounter many obstacles. 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The Child Care Center Is A Fabulous Place For Children

The Children Child Care center is a fabulous place for children to have fun and learn in a safe environment. The rooms had plenty of room in them for all the different activities the children had available to play with. They had a painting area with a board to clip the art work on with a lip for markers. Children should know one or multiple colors by age 4. Board games were piled on a shelf that included many learning games that involved math skills. Activities such as the math games help develop the cognitive mind on problem solving and memory. However, cognitive development is intellectual abilities, including learning, memory, language development, problem solving and intelligence (Feldman (2014). Early development is critical periods in life. There was a section of the room for just building blocks that had many different sizes and colors. Erik Erikson believed that it was positive for the child to discover ways to initiate actions and have a sense of competence (Feldman (2014). A corner of the room had a musical area that had a radio and instruments for the children to play with. This is a nice option for the children to play with because children who have an early interest in music, gradually become more developed as they get older. Everything in the room had a label on it from stencils to board games and even cabinets. Children can count to ten by the age of five (Child Development Institute (n.d.). They were labeled to name the object; however, the cabinets wereShow MoreRelatedStreet Children5347 Words   |  22 Pagesby the modern civilization is the situation of the street children. In the old times, and still now in some areas, children worked with their parents and reamed a lot of things from them; later, children looked after aged parents, and therefore much value was put on children, and there was strong bond of affection between parents and child. However, now it has changed. Parents go to work, and children do not go to work with them. 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Amazon Is One Of The Largest Online Retailers In The World.

Amazon is one of the largest online retailers in the world. There are very few people who know that Amazon is also a cloud computing company. In the Amazon website, you can find products ranging from toys to food. This online retailer has also developed a variety of consumer electronics like the kindle e-readers, fire tables, fire TV, and its most recent products launching Alexa and Echo. Amazon has a membership program called Prime, which provides some benefits such as discounts on Amazon, movies, free shipping, and deliveries in 2 hours or less depending on the city. Amazon’s success is the result of providing good customer service, short delivery times and flexible returns. Amazon’s marketplace is their website amazon.com, where a†¦show more content†¦As with every retail process there are hurdles to overcome, late deliveries, damaged products and out of stock items are all common. However, Amazon consistently demonstrates good business practices by providing prompt help to any problematic issues. They describe themselves as the world’s most customer-centric company. The Amazon app is a good way to quickly access to this digital marketplace via the smartphone. However, I would have to say I highly dislike the fact that every time I’m searching the web on my iPhone and click into the Amazon website the app suddenly opens. This causes a loop that takes me from my iPhone web search to the app repetitively. Over time and frustrated, I chose to eliminate the app from my phone. In the recent past I was asked to delete an Amazon app in an android phone because of this very issue. The Amazon app needs improvement and debugging. For This reason, I prefer to purchase on the website rather than their app. Alibaba the Chinese counterpart of Amazon provides a better app experience. Engaging costumers into fun games and activities to get discounts, coupons and vouchers. 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Influence of Person Health and Wellbeing

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Person Health and Wellbeing. Answer: Introduction Human beings are social beings that require meeting both social and psychological needs in order to remain healthy (Spielberger, 2013). Failure to meet one of these needs may lead to serious effects to the life of an individual and it may pre-dispose one to worse conditions of emotional stress that may lead to more effects on the body. Despite the fact that Mary communicates with her relatives on social media, there is more than just communication that an individual needs from others such as social and moral support. This paper focuses on the several adverse conditions that are likely to result from her condition and several defense mechanisms that the body will adopt in order to cope with the situation. The fact that Mary doesnt get to meet and have time with people who mean so much to her may raise her feelings of loneliness which may predispose her to even more serious conditions especially with the then diagnosis of breast cancer. Perceptions of loneliness may increase feelings of one being vulnerable and accelerate the desire to connect with people. While solitude has no known problems, increased loneliness has been known to alter the physiological functioning of the body due to psychological pressure and tension. Loneliness has been known to threaten the quality of sleep that one has, increase mortality and also accelerate psychological ageing. Loneliness may not only refer to the state of being alone. The definition of loneliness stretches to address loneliness as a state where one feels that their social needs are not being met accordingly. According to Buhle, et al (2014) loneliness is known to cause emotional pain such as distress which is an equivalence of physical pain. It may also constitute a person feeling weak and it may affect their health even when the individual is maintaining a good diet. Just like other health conditions, loneliness effects are likely to accrue over time and lead to serious effects to organs and organ systems of the body. Some of the associated health risks associated with loneliness includes; cardiovascular conditions such as systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. Loneliness may not cause many health problems but it may accelerate other serious chronic conditions. Emotional stress will accelerate her cancerous condition. Folkman, (2013) have arguable discussed that cancer has emotional roots. This may provide a platform to try and discuss how the cancer condition may have developed as a result of emotional stress that Mary has been going through. These scientists have hypothesized that suppressed emotions such as anger, hatred, strife and grief may cause cancer. This happens as a result of increased stress hormones that suppress the immune system. The immune system once suppressed reduces the ability of the body to fight cancer. Researchers have thus concluded that when stress suppresses the immunity, one is most likely to suffer from immune related infections such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. More emotional stress has far more reaching consequences. Research has proved that women who repress negative feeling have less control of the stress hormone and are more likely to die earlier of breast cancer than women who dont handle stress. Release of the hormones is harmful since it impairs the healing of the DNA and it also leads to an inability of the body to control cell growth. For the case of Mary, her condition is even more likely to worsen since she has to repress the stress and loneliness alongside fighting the cancerous infection (Schore, (2015). Mary is also likely to develop several defense mechanisms in order to deal with stress and depression caused by her condition. Defense mechanisms refer to ways in which human beings deal with emotional difficulties in order to make them less threatening. Some of the defense mechanisms that Mary is likely to adopt include; regression, acting out and projection. Parkes and Prigerson (2013) explain that projection refers to attribution of suffering and stress to less threatening objects or people. People tend to attribute their suffering to other unrelated features in their surrounding and they may end up harming or engaging in conflict with the surrounding. For instance, Mary may develop negative feelings towards her house, her neighbors or even towards her kids. She may use abusive language to other people in the surrounding and she might even appear aggressive even to her kids. According to Compas, et al (2014) regression refers to a state where an individual resoles tension by reverting to an earlier stage of development. In the case of an adolescent for instance, they may start bedwetting due to inability to rise up and face their challenges in the real life. For the case of Mary, she may revert to regressive behaviors such as crying, she may also fail to complete her normal duties such as cleaning her house or washing clothes and end up dressing in dirty and soiled linen or staying in a dirty environment. Acting out refers to performing an extreme action or behavior as a consequence of inability to completely express oneself in the prevailing circumstances. One may engage in self harming activities such as suicidal attempts or battling a wall or piercing oneself with a knife. Acting out makes one feel some sort of relief from the tension but it may also lead to even worse conditions. A behavior that Mary is likely to engage in is probably committing suicide. She may also leave her husbands house for her home (Thornton, et al 2014). The condition of Mary may also predispose her to several antisocial behaviors such as excessive drinking, and drug use, prostitution, conflict with friends and other people, appetite and sleep problems which may change her routine of activities, mistreating her children and she may also develop mood swings which in turn influence her overall behavior and how she relates with others these antisocial behaviors may quell up to destroy her overall personality which may add more bitterness to her condition. Conclusion Stress and emotional pain if not controlled may lead to more effects than physical challenges since it affects almost all parts of the body through rise in cortisol levels in the blood. It is therefore necessary that individuals observe ways in which it is possible to reduce stress and to have better social life in order to have a secure attachment to the world. Suppressed emotions not only cause harm to the individual but also to the society (Hong, et al 2014), it is therefore necessary to ensure that individuals meet both their physiological and social requirements in order for the body to function effectively. References Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., ... Ochsner, K. N. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies.Cerebral Cortex,24(11), 2981-2990. Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Dunbar, J. P., Watson, K. H., Bettis, A. H., Gruhn, M. A., Williams, E. K. (2014). Coping and emotion regulation from childhood to early adulthood: Points of convergence and divergence.Australian journal of psychology,66(2), 71-81. Folkman, S. (2013).Stress: appraisal and coping(pp. 1913-1915). Springer New York. Hong, J. S., Tian, J., Wu, L. H. (2014). The influence of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity on psychological distress and sleep disturbance in cancer patients.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.),21(4), 174-180. Parkes, C. M., Prigerson, H. G. (2013).Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Routledge. Schore, A. N. (2015).Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Routledge. Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (2013).Anxiety and behavior. Academic Press. Thornton, L. M., Cheavens, J. S., Heitzmann, C. A., Dorfman, C. S., Wu, S. M., Andersen, B. L. (2014). Test of mindfulness and hope components in a psychological intervention for women with cancer recurrence.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,82(6), 1087.

Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes

Introduction Background Information Picciotto (2011) bemoans the fact that math classes at the school where he teaches are not tracked. Picciotto (2011) is a math teacher at Urban School where the school administration has adopted the heterogeneous mode of grouping students. The teacher reports that the Urban School lacks an honours or a remedial tracking system.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Students with different abilities are taught in the same class, receiving similar materials and equal attention from the teachers. As a result of this, Picciotto (2011) reports that the teachers in the math department have been forced to come up with teaching strategies to enable them cope with the situation. This teacher (and all the teachers in the school’s math department) would have liked the school administration to separate stude nts on the basis of their intellectual abilities. The implication here is that the segregation would have made the teachers’ work easier and would have had more benefits for the students. Picciotto (2011) voices his opinion regarding the debate that has been raging in the United Kingdom and other western nations for a long time. The debate revolves around the issue of grouping students in school depending on their intellectual ability. According to Henderson (2007), there are schools which have adopted the policy of separating students into groups for all subjects, particular classes or curriculum on the basis of their academic ability. This practice leads to a homogenous class with students possessing similar or almost similar academic abilities. This means that gifted students are separated from their peers, receiving different materials from different teachers. In some cases, the gifted students are made to skip grades depending on their perceived academic abilities (Ziebe r 2009). Schools adopting this policy usually assign high calibre teachers to these classes while the classes with low achievers are left with those teachers who are regarded as low achievers. Tracking and Homogenous Grouping of Students Segregation of students can occur at various levels. There are those schools which separated the students into small groups within their classes. This means that gifted students remain within the same class with their low achieving peers but they are grouped together (Henderson 2007). On the other hand, the gifted students may be grouped together in one classroom, leaving their low achieving counterparts in another class of their own.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, there are schools which do not separate their students on the basis of their academic ability. This means that the gifted students are taught together with th eir low achieving counterparts. The gifted students receive no special treatment from the teachers. The students receive materials that are the same from the teachers regardless of their academic ability. This practice is what Cromwell (2004) refers to as a heterogeneous policy. It is what the Urban School where Picciotto (2011) teaches math has adopted. As already indicated, Picciotto (2011) and other teachers in his department would like the Urban School management to adopt a homogenous policy. However, one cannot help but wonder whether Picciotto and his colleagues are aware of the negative impacts that a homogenous policy has both on the students and on the school as a whole. This is given the various weaknesses that are associated with this policy. This paper is going to critique the homogenous classes’ policy similar to that advocated by Picciotto (2011) and his colleagues in the Urban School. The critique will be based on the internal and external factors and influence s that inform the formulation and implementation of such a policy. The critique will be prospective or forward thinking in nature, with this author looking at the reasons why the homogenous policy advocated by Picciotto and other people who share his opinion may not work. In this critique, the author will provide the reader with a better alternative to homogenous classes. The alternative in this case will be mixed-ability or heterogeneous classes. The Homogenous vs. Heterogeneous Classes’ Debate As indicated earlier in this paper, Picciotto (2011) represents one side in the raging debate pitting those supporting homogenous classes’ policy against those who are for heterogeneous classes’ policy. This being the case, it is important to look at the arguments that are fronted by the supporters of homogenous classes. A critique will then be made on these arguments, making a case for heterogeneous classes. Advantages of Homogenous Classes So, why does ability grouping or tracking theorists remain adamant as far as this policy is concerned? This question can be answered by looking at some of the alleged advantages of this policy:Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increased Pace of Learning Tracking or homogenous classes’ policy places learners with similar academic abilities in one group or class. According to Jan, Sara Sidney (2004), this increases the pace of learning on the part of these students. Proponents of this policy argue that students in such classes can understand concepts within short periods of time as compared to what would have happened in a heterogeneous class. Gifted students in heterogeneous classes will be forced to pace down their learning in order to accommodate the slow learners. According to Jan et al. (2004), this leads to wastage of time and slowed learning on the part of the gifted students. However, this point seems to be skewed in favour of the gifted learners. One cannot help but wonder why the proponents of homogenous classes are not into consideration the slow learners. Does tracking help them advance their learning skills too? Probably not: the proponents would not fail to highlight such an achievement. Ability to Provide the Learners with Individual and Personalised Attention Cromwell (2004) is of the view that this is one of the oft-cited strengths of homogenous classes. According to these proponents, individual attention in a heterogeneous classroom is hard if not impossible. This is given the fact that the teacher is forced to divide her attention equally among all the learners in that class, their academic ability notwithstanding. However, personalised attention is possible in a homogenous class or group. This is given the fact that the teacher is able to teach the students in a given group at the pace appropriate to that given g roup. According to Henderson (2007), this enhances the learning process by helping the students move along the lessons faster. A critical analysis of this argument will prove that it is a veiled attempt to justify personalised attention for gifted students. Why do the proponents of homogenous classes find it so hard to accept the fact that the slow learners are also entitled to equal attention from the teacher? With such kind of favouritism, it is not hard to understand why a homogenous policy in Urban School will not work. Boosting Confidence of the Learners Advocates of homogenous classes will argue that a heterogeneous class does not boost the confidence of both the gifted and weaker students. For example, the weaker students find it hard to compete against the gifted students given the fact that the latter always emerge at the top of the class (Zieber 2009). This being the case, the weaker students may develop low self-esteem and this may deteriorate their performance further.Ad vertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this is not the case in a homogenous classroom. Learners in such a classroom are at a more or less the same level. Playing ground is levelled for both weaker and gifted students (albeit in their respective groups or classes), and this boosts their determination. However, one cannot fail to question the honesty of this argument on the part of the proponents of homogenous classes. This is just another attempt by this school of thought to protect the interests of the gifted students. It is an attempt to further their ‘intellectual purity campaign’ that is not unlike the racial purity campaign advocated by the Nazi regime in Germany during the reign of the communists. This argument is aimed at justifying the relegation of weaker students into intellectual oblivion. What does the Future Hold for Homogenous Classes’ Policy? Having looked at the strengths and benefits of homogenous policy as laid down by the proponents and having refuted all of them, it is now important to look at what the future holds for this policy in the United Kingdom and the whole of the western world in extension. A critical analysis of this policy will prove that there is need for an alternative which is more beneficial both to the gifted and the weaker students. There is need for a different policy that takes into consideration the needs of the weaker students while at the same time appreciating the special capabilities of the gifted students. There is need for a policy that is all encompassing; a policy that does not improve a select group of students at the expense of others. This alternative is the heterogeneous or mixed-ability policy. It is the only policy that can work for schools in this country in the future. Following are some of the reasons why this author feels that homogenous classes’ policy is not suitable for this country and instead, it should be replaced with a heterogeneous policy. They are the reasons why Picciotto (2011) and his colleagu es in the math department should support the Urban School’s heterogeneous policy: Homogenous Policy is a Separatist Policy Ireson, Clark Hallam (2002) are of the view that homogenous classes increase feelings of segregation among the students. It is hard for some of the students to manage the feelings that are associated with separating them based on their academic ability. What homogenous classes achieve at the end of the day is a form of a ‘caste system’ within the country’s education sector (Ireson et al. 2002). This will in effect lead to unnecessary divisions among students who are not to blame for their academic abilities. But this is not the case when it comes to heterogeneous classrooms. There are no feelings of separation of segregation given the fact that all the students are treated equally by the teachers. This is the reason why even parents in most schools are against homogenous classes. It is perhaps one of the reasons why they management at Urban School has continued to support heterogeneous classes even in the face of opposition from some of the teachers. Criteria Used for Separating the Students May not be Subjective and Inaccurate According to Teachnology (2011), most of the systems and strategies that are used to divide the students into groups might not be objective and accurate. Most of the times, it is noted that the criteria used is based on the subjective opinion of the teachers regarding the academic ability of the students. Proponents of homogenous policy argue that standardised test which is used most of the times is accurate. However, it is a fact beyond doubt that standardised tests have many flaws and weaknesses and cannot be regarded as objective criteria in separating the learners. According to Adodo Agbayewa (2011), the tests may fail to accurately reflect the academic abilities of the learners, meaning that some of them may be assigned to inappropriate groups. In a nutshell, the separation of stude nts in homogenous classes is not scientific at all. This being the case, it is not hard to imagine why a heterogeneous classes’ policy is the best alternative. There is no room for subjectivity and unscientific evaluation of the learners’ abilities. Conclusion The arguments given above to support heterogeneous classes’ policy are in no way exhaustive. There are other reasons why homogenous policies may not work calling for heterogeneous classes. For example, a homogenous class is characterised by the unconscious treatment of the students as superior or inferior on the part of the teachers. Also, it is noted that students from minority groups such as blacks and those from poor backgrounds comprise a huge number of students in weaker groups. This being the case, homogenous policies extends the class differences in the society to the classroom. Students in the low performing group are also stigmatised by their peers and the teachers. This does not help in improving their academic performance. It is against this backdrop that this author advocates for a heterogeneous class policy in our schools. References Adodo, SO Agbayewa, JO 2011, Effect of homogenous and heterogeneous ability grouping class teaching on student’s interest, attitude and achievement in integrated science, International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 3(3), 48-54. Cromwell, S 2004, Homogenous or heterogeneous: Which way to go?   Web. Henderson, L 2007, Multi-level selective classes for gifted students, International Education Journal, 8(2), 60-67. Ireson, J, Clark, H Hallam, S 2002, Constructing ability groups in the secondary school: Issues in practice, School Leadership Management, 22(2), 163-176. Jan, AB, Sara, SW Sidney, MM 2004, Gifted students perception of the academic and social/emotional effects of homogenous and heterogeneous grouping, Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(1), 7-20. Picciotto, H 2011, Notes on heterogeneous classes. Web. Teachnology, 2011, Does grouping students by ability work? Web. Zieber, M 2009, A quick glimpse of heterogeneous grouped classes: Benefits within multilevel learning environments. Web. This critical writing on Policy Critique on Homogenous Classes was written and submitted by user Zariah Richard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.