The Value Of Teaching Bioethics - 781 Words

The value of teaching bioethics does not have a long history, as indicated by Siegler (2001,10), who places the onset in the 1970’s, with little data to indicate its success. Adam, Diekema, and Mercurio (2011, 8) , when referring to pediatric residents, cite: â€Å"45% of pediatric residents queried in a 2004 study rated their ethics education as fair to poor (Kesselheim et al).† From an individual perspective, Dr. Atul Gawande, in his book, Being Mortal (2014), drives home several important points as a 50-year-old practicing surgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. In his introduction, Gawande points to the weekly seminar he attended, â€Å"called Patient-Doctor—part of the school’s effort to make us more rounded and humane physicians†, indicating that, in his case, â€Å"the purpose of medical schooling was to teach how to save lives, not how to tend to their demise†. Furthermore, Gawande explains that his concept of me dical school was about knowledge; of diagnosing, treatment, anatomy and physiology, and new technologies. Dr. Gawande, in dealing with mortality throughout his entire medical career, only truly learned the â€Å"bioethical† part of medicine when his own, beloved, father was dying. These are merely a few indicators of the historical dearth of the teaching of bioethics to clinicians, and leads us to the questions of whether there is a need for the teaching of bioethics, and, if there so, who should teach it and when should it be taught? There is aShow MoreRelatedHistory Of American Medical Ethics825 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of American medical ethics dates back four centuries (Baker, 2013), it is critical to differentiate between what was strictly medical ethics; the ethics between physician and patient, physician and physician, and physician and community versus bioethics: all of the aforementioned with the addition of scientific research involving human subjects â€Å" †¦in reaction to researchers’ exploitation of vulnerable populations, most notably the 399 African-American males deceived into serving as research subjectsRead MoreChristianity Report1518 Words   |  7 Pageswoman at the time of Emperor Augustus. He grew up in a human family, worked as a carpenter in Nazareth for most of his life and died experiencing pain and suffering. However, to others, he was truly believed as a divine being, the Son of God. His teachings, the miracles he performed and the healing of many was truly seen as the power of God and people later realized Jesus’ role on Earth, for all humanity to receive salvation and resurrect and ascend to heaven after defeating death. Jesus’ dual natureRead MoreThe Cultural Issues Of Christianity863 Words   |  4 Pagespeace and not war and that they do intend to be part of society. The last cultural issue which Shah (2014: p245) shows is that there are Muslims in the UK that tend to stay together with their particular groups as a means of keeping their cultural values, faith and their identity and this is not for themselves, but for the upcoming generation on a patrilineal basis. This means the Muslim families would want to cluster together have their generation have the same practices and beliefs which would maintainRead MoreEthics and Technology1492 Words   |  6 Pagesdictate our values, morals and ethics? 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They feared possibilities of being accused of imposing religion or indoctrinating children, so they left moral instruction to parents and the community, and stuck strictly to academics (Smith). Teaching morals has been misconceived as a violation ofRead MoreWhat Do The Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish And Christian Scriptures?1025 Words   |  5 Pagesvariety of ancient and modern interpretations of abortion, this essay will explore the foundational scriptures that form the basis of the belief for each of these four faiths. In doing so, this work will focus on contemporary interpretations of the value placed on life, and in particular, will attempt to dissect and explain modern stances on abortion within a religious framework. Hinduism Hinduism is a belief that can suit a large variety of people. Based on personality type or choice, a person canRead MoreHumans and the Fight for Equality1208 Words   |  5 Pagesstrain the amount of dignity a person deserves. â€Å"Protection of human life and dignity is a natural instinct of all people and stands at the core of Catholic social teaching. The life and dignity of the human person is foundational to Catholic social teaching precisely because without it, no other rights have meaning.† (Catholic Social Teaching) Catholicism teaches the importance of respecting a human’s dignity. Studies like biochemistry and stem cell (cloning), deteriorate the human’s dignity. These studiesRead MoreReligion s Terms Of Social And Cultural Issues1575 Words   |  7 Pagesof Christianity B. Brief Description of Islam II. Social Issues with Christianity A. Abortion B. Bioethics C. Euthanasia D. Fostering E. Family and marriage F. Education III. Social Issues with Islam A. Drinking B. Marriage with Non-Muslims C. Poverty D. Education IV. Cultural Issues with Christianity A. Losing their Christian values in Christian holidays B. Having Christian values being eradicated from schools V. Cultural Issues with Islam A. Islam being associated by terrorism

Effects Of Multiculticulturalism - 925 Words

INTRODUCTION: There are different views and definition of multiculturalism; the definition of multiculturalism depends on the context in which it is used. In sociology, multiculturalism is the idea that various cultures exist in a society and all these cultures deserve equal treatment (Macionis, 2010). Sociologists believe that members of different cultures can live peacefully alongside each other and assimilation is not necessary; but this does not happen in all multicultural societies. This essay will place emphasis on both the positive aspects and the main tensions that arise in a multicultural society. SAMPLE BACKGROUND – HISTORY OF MULTICULTURALISM IN BRITAIN Britain today has many people with different ethnic backgrounds from various countries. The history of multiculturalism began during the times of British colonialism. Britain once had the largest and most extensive imperial holdings in all of Europe, colonizing about 25% of the globe at the peak of its power in the 1920s (Piper, 2007). Some of Britain’s most prominent colonies were in Africa and India, which were primarily for the purpose of resource extraction. Many of these countries fought long and hard to become self-governing which led to the process of decolonization. Decolonization refers to the process by which Britain and other European countries lost their colonies; this process was either through violent armed resistance or peaceful political protests. India was the first country to gain independenceShow MoreRelatedMulticulturalism And Its Impact On Society1585 Words   |  7 Pagesexpansion of the European Union, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the arrival of as ylum seekers fleeing failed states, civil wars and the effects of Western interventions in the Middle East, the demands of the new knowledge and financial sectors for highly qualified workers, and declining birth rates†(p. 41). This emergence of ‘superdiversity’ has failed multiculticulturalism. The backlash against multiculturalism is growing with much force, and reasonably so. The case against multiculturalism has been

Comic spirit and Bringing Down the House Essay Example For Students

Comic spirit and Bringing Down the House Essay Comic spirit and Bringing Down the HouseComedy has existed with the human spirit as far back as humans began writing the first plays and stories. Comedy and laughing at other peoples situations has always been a very good way to tell an entertaining story. Yet, at the same time, it can be an effective way to share lessons about life and the human condition. The comic spirit takes many forms throughout human civilization and several classic examples can be seen in Roman and Greek comedies. Greek comedies often create humor from the conflicts created by stereotypes and imbalances. For example, the play Lisistrata has a main character who is a woman who tries to stop the Peloponnesian War by convincing all the women of Athens to stop having sex with their husbands. Taking place during a period when women did not have power in society (compared to men), this Greek comedy used the imbalances of women to create a funny story while at the same time as making a statement against war. A more modern comedy that uses imbalances and stereotypes to create humor is the movie Bringing Down the House starring Steve Martin and Queen Latifah. The humor in this movie is created by the use of multiple stereotypes, imbalances and ultimate role reversals of a white, wealthy male and a black, ex-convict female who first meet each other in an Internet chat room. There are also contrasts between young and old people. Although the imbalances and stereotypes throughout the movie create funny situations, it may have a negative side effect because it takes advantage of racial, gender and age stereotypes, which may be insulting or hurtful to some people, just to get a laugh. The story begins with Steve Martins character, Peter Sanderson, chatting online with someone who he thinks is a pretty, blonde lawyer. When he finally arranges to meet her for a first date, he is shocked to find out that the blonde lawyer turns out to be a black ex-convict named Charlene (played by Queen Latifah) who wants Peter to help prove her innocence from being set up in a bank robbery that sent her to prison for four years. The movie uses several elements of imbalance and stereotypes to create humorous situations in the story. For example, there is contrast between Peter and Charlene. On the surface in the beginning of the movie Peter seems to be a regular a white male with a successful, upper middle class lifestyle. He lives in a nice home in a nice neighborhood, drives a new Mercedes and has two normal looking kids. Charlene, on the other hand, is still wearing her prison outfit when she first meets Peter. We dont know if she is telling the truth about her innocence or if sh e is trying to take advantage of Peter. The humor in the early part of the movie is around Charlenes interference in Peters life and his attempts to hide her true identity from people he knows. For example, Charlene invites her friends to Peters home for a big house party. When Peter finds out after coming back from work, he kicks everyone out just in time before his neighbor, played by Betty White, wonders if she heard some kind of disturbance in the neighborhood. Peter has to lie and pretend nothing happened. Later, Peter goes to work and tries to win the business of a new client, an elderly, wealthy lady named Mrs. Arness (played by Joan Plowright). Charlene shows up in his workplace and Peter has to explain to Mrs. Arness who Charlene is. He makes up a story by saying that Charlene is a nanny and is taking care of his son and daughter. Charlene promises to help Peter and pretend to be the nanny if he promises to help her prove her innocence. This concept of hiding a persons iden tity or trying to prevent others from seeing the reality is a very common technique in humor. It creates funny situations where the main character tries very hard to hide the truth. .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc , .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .postImageUrl , .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc , .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:hover , .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:visited , .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:active { border:0!important; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:active , .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud1b20146a5203671b727a22f51886fdc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biotechnology in human medicine EssayAs the story continues, we see that Peters life is not as successful as it seems on the surface. Although he appears to be successful in his career, he is less successful in his relationships with his family members. This is why he is divorced and he does not have a strong relationship with his two children, Sarah and Georgey (at least in the beginning of the movie). He does not even know, for example, that his daughter sneaks out of the house at night to go partying with friends. He drives by his old home and seems to miss his wife and his old life before he got divorced. In contrast, Charlene becomes more of the caring parent figure a s the movie moves forward. For example, when Peters daughter, Sarah, is at a party and calls for help, Charlene is the one who goes to the party and beats up the boyfriend who made Sarah cry and makes him apologize to her. Charlene also teaches Georgey, Peters son, how to read. Finally, Charlene shows Peter that his kids need a father to be there for them and in a few funny scenes teaches him how to dance, loosen up, and even how to flirt with a woman. These scenes create a type of role reversal because we see Peter start to loosen up more and while Charlene becomes more of a regular family member. The use of role imbalance to create humor is also seen in several other side characters. For example, Peters ex-wife is dating a very young man in fact Peters former caddy. Her sister, Ashley, on the other hand, always dates very old men because she is after their money. In one silly scene, Ashley is spoon feeding her new companion, a very old man in a wheel chair. In many funny scenes, Peters co-worker at the law firm, Howie (played by Eugene Levy), is a white man attracted to Charlene who uses black, urban slang and other phrases in a very non-black accent. Although the use of imbalance and stereotypes creates a few funny scenes in the movie, there are other uses of stereotypes that create a negative effect. The move tries to create humor by making fun of race, gender, age and social class differences. These areas have become sensitive issues in our society today because people try to encourage equality and not discriminate. Some of the humor might be offensive. For example, Betty Whites character is Peters nosy neighbor. She makes some rude comments hearing negro when Charlene throws the house party in Peters home. She also says she is concerned about minorities moving into her neighborhood by saying that the only Hispanics that she wants to see in the area are those who carry leaf blowers. This seems to be a very racist and insensitive remark about immigrant laborers such as workers from Mexico who make a living as lawn maintenance and landscaping workers. Additionally, the scene where Mrs. Arness invites herself to Peters home for di nner, talks about how Charlenes cooking reminds her of her childhood and their black servant and then sings an old slavery song about being sold to the master is a little uncomfortable to watch. The way the movie portrays other blacks is generally negative. Many of the scenes with blacks involve gang members and drug use. We originally see Charlene as an ex-convict who is blamed for bank robbery. Charlenes ex-boyfriend, Widow, is a gang leader who threatens Peters life and is responsible for framing Charlene. He hangs out at a club with other gang member figures and drug users. Older people are also used to create humor through stereotypes and role reversals. But the humor may also be offensive to some people. Older characters like Mrs. Arness and Peters neighbor are treated like arrogant and insensitive people who dont have a connection with young people or with minorities. But when Peter forces Mrs. Arness to come with him the club to make an offer to settle things with her ex-boyfriend, there are some funny scenes of Mrs. Arness, a rich, elderly lady, getting high on marijuana (offered by two men at the bar) and dancing on the table because she is drunk. Several times we see humor created when there is a role reversal or when characters talk, act or behave in a way that is different than what you would expect. Even Peters character makes this change when he dresses up in urban, hip-hop clothes that he buys from a guy on the street and starts talking in a version of hip-hop language just to get into Widows nightclub and blend in. Also, as mentioned earlier, the character Howie uses hip-hop jive to express his attraction towards Charlene and at the very end of the movie, she converts his hair into dreadlocks. These racial, age and social class stereotypes are meant to create humor (for example, seeing a white guy dress up and talk like a black person or an old lady act hip, and youthful). The humor is somewhat effective, but is reduced by the lack of sensitivity to viewers who may be offended and insulted by the racial and other types of stereotyping. The movie perpetuates stereotypes that some people may find surprising that it is still allowed to be used in this modern age. Older white characters all seem to be racist and young black people seem to be criminals. On a higher level, the story talks about change and acceptance. There is a change that Peter goes through in realizing that he is missing out on being a father and taking care of his children. He also realizes that he still loves his wife and wants to try building the relationship again. Also, he changes his impressions about Charlene and realizes that she is not a criminal. The story could have been a more effective if the type of change that the characters go through were a bit more real, not just on the surface and something that everyone can relate to. The movie seems to say that in order to be accepted by black people, white people have to dress up and talk like African-Americans. This is a simplistic view of acceptance and doesnt seem realistic. In the real world, it is difficult for people to change and accept others who are not like them. It takes an understand ing of how other people think and what they believe in. This requires spending a lot of time talking and learning about each other. To simply act and dress up like someone else will not really help people understand each other. There are other funny movies, such as Trading Places, Freaky Friday and Six Degrees of Separation, that do a better job of showing characters dealing with differences in race, age and social class, but in a very funny way while at the same time teaching something about human life. In summary, Brining Down the House tries to use the concepts of imbalance and role reversals to generate its humor. These imbalances occur on several levels between the main characters and other characters in the film to include differences between white and black people, gender, age and social class. Although there are times when this imbalance creates humor, there are many other times when the stereotyping can be seen as offensive and racist. Furthermore, there seems to be a misse d opportunity to teach the audience lessons about change and acceptance of others when the story is based on characters that go through unrealistic changes.

Keurig Company

Introduction Keurig Inc. is a company that has ventured into the coffee business providing its clients with solutions to quick and effective coffee brewing. Since its inception in 1992, it has established itself with excellence, as its name suggests (Cravens Piercy, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Keurig Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company had succeeded in introducing the single-cup brewing system in to the offices and was seeking to expand its customer base to include the at-home segment. However, Keurig needed to employ proper marketing strategies in order to have advantage over the several single-cup competitors in the market. Therefore, the management team re-evaluated the strategies of their product plan and decided to revisit their decisions on the price and marketing strategies. This paper will discuss the appropriateness of the distribution and channel strategies employed by Keurig and also consider the validity of the pricing strategies. It will also look into the types of promotions used for the consumer sales and its appropriateness in today’s market. Distribution and channel strategies Distribution is one of the key elements in the marketing strategy. It helps the firm to expand its reach and to become more profitable. This is basically the process by which a firm makes its products or services available for use by the target market. The channel design used is critical for the particular company. Keurig employed the level one channel since it has a single intermediary – the distributors. For this purpose, Keurig employed several distributors to distribute the coffee brewers throughout the United States. With its several distributors, placement of its equipment was made fast and effective and all the maintenance services required were provided. This distribution and channel system ensured that coffee brewers were provided in offices whe re managers were seeking to eliminate the unnecessary hustles and inconveniences at the workplace in order to improve productivity and employee satisfaction. The distributors also managed the feedback from clients in order to create proper customer relationships and ensure customer satisfaction. The Keurig authorized distributors (KADs) worked together with Keurig, under the supervision of the vice president of sales. These marketing channels helped to bridge the gap between the producer (Keurig) and its consumers. This way, they brought the right products to the right consumers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The distribution and channel strategies employed by the company ensured effectiveness and efficiency. This marketing strategy is still used today because there is value created by intermediaries. It is created through the reduction of the number of sales contacts required to reach the clients. The main functions of the KADs included the transactional functions, logistical functions and facilitating functions. All these functions are necessary in any vertical marketing system. The KADs performed all their functions well. This includes the distribution and maintenance of the coffee brewers. They also ensured that the feedback on problems was well handled in order to maintain proper customer relations. Pricing strategies for consumer sales Firms usually employ diverse pricing strategies when marketing their goods and products. At times, companies are forced to alter their prices depending on the demand and the presence of competition (Hooley, Piercy, Nicoulau, 2008). In order to select a proper pricing strategy, every business should understand the current market situation. Market research is also an efficient tool when it comes to determining what the clients are willing to pay (Bradley, 2007). One of Keurig’s challenges was the deter mination of the proper pricing strategy for their new product. Therefore, they conducted a market research in order to determine the people’s view on the new product and its price. The types of studies included the intercept surveys, the use of focus groups, an internet-based study and a survey of the current client base. The study area included three cities. All the participants had to consume at least a cup a day. From the study, the results showed that almost all the participants were satisfied with the coffee. Most of them also showed interest in the product concept. The main advantages pointed out by the participants were the convenience and efficiency of the brewing process. The brewer was also easy to use and it required minimal time to clean up. In order to gain insight on the pricing of the commodity, the management team reviewed previous market research that had been done. In addition to this, they wanted to determine the views of the participants concerning the pri ce of the products.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Keurig Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the participants were satisfied with the commodity, they expressed their desires concerning the price. Most of them were willing to pay $0.55 for a cup of that coffee. Their response on the price of the coffee maker was also positive. For a price range of between $69 and $149, they were willing to pay over $130 for the coffee maker (Cravens Piercy, 2009). Another pricing strategy that Keurig used was the use of discount pricing. This was particularly when it came to the sale of their coffee makers in the offices. The coffee makers were given either without any charge or at a low monthly rental. This discounted pricing strategy was necessary for promoting its product and attracting new customers. Promotions for consumers Promotion is another element in the marketing strategy. This involves activities th at include the sale, advertisement, direct marketing and publicising of the company’s products and services. One of the promotion (marketing) strategies employed by Keurig was providing the coffee brewers to offices free of charge. This strategy was appropriate and is still appropriate today because it one of the best ways to get people’s attention. This is what is referred to as the free-prize-inside effect. Giving commodities free of charge does not devalue the product but only raises its visibility. This form of marketing seeks to take the word out about a new product. Keurig employed this strategy and in exchange, they made coffee sales. According to the marketing research conducted, the studies showed that the company’s product was a demonstrations-driven product. This meant that the company needed to put in place proper strategies of demonstrating the system to its customers. In order to advertise its products, Keurig launched point-of-sale advertising. Th ese were developed and displayed on the brewers. The company, with the help of a majority of the Keurig authorized distributors, participated in the joint marketing program to ensure the sale of brewers that had advertising. Another promotional strategy employed by the company was the use of the internet to conduct an internet direct marketing campaign. The main objective of this campaign was to create awareness of Keurig’s products and services.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through this campaign, Keurig received several emails from current clients inquiring of the availability of the company’s products for home use. Therefore, the internet provided a proper avenue for advertising. Keurig also used a public relations campaign together with other marketing exercises to reach its clients. One of the key objectives of promotion in marketing is to differentiate a product. Keurig was seeking to differentiate its product – which was the away-from-home business that focused on distributing its products to offices. It wanted to introduce this product to include home usage. This led to the introduction of the Keurig-Cup for the home market. This was also driven by the demand by the ever-increasing client base. The new product (Keurig-Cup) was to be distinguished by colour and design. They were tan in colour and had a distinct base area. Sale of the Keurig-Cups was both direct and indirect. The KADs made direct sales to the target market. The roaste rs, on the other hand, made sales in both direct and indirect markets. This included making sales over the internet. Conclusion Keurig Inc. is a company that has specialised in the distribution of coffee products and coffee makers. It has succeeded in providing an away-from-home solution to coffee making and has provided a number of offices with the coffee makers that have made brewing easier. This efficiency may be seen in the speed at which the machine makes coffee. In addition to this, the coffee makers require minimal cleaning. The company was seeking to also venture into the at-home consumer market and this was to be done by introducing the Keurig-Cup that would be used in the homes. Keurig used a network of distributors for their distribution strategy. This included the use of Keurig authorized distributors. These distributors ensured that they performed the transactional, logistical and facilitating functions. For the pricing strategy, the company performed a market research in order to determine what the customers were willing to pay. Keurig also promoted its new product effectively in order to capture the attention of the potential clients. References Bradley, N. (2007). Marketing research: Tools and techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cravens, D. W., Piercy, N. F. (2009). Strategic marketing (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hooley, G., Piercy, N. F., Nicoulau, B. (2008). Marketing strategy and competitive positioning (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. This case study on Keurig Company was written and submitted by user Damari Herman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Napoleon and the Siege of Toulon 1793

Napoleon and the Siege of Toulon 1793 The siege of Toulon in 1793 might have blended into the many other actions of the French Revolutionary War were it not for the later career of one man, as the siege marked the first notable military action of Napoleon Bonaparte, later French Emperor and one of the greatest generals in history. France in Rebellion The French Revolution transformed almost every aspect of French public life and grew more radical as the years passed (turning into terror). However, these changes were far from universally popular, and as many French citizens fled revolutionary areas, others decided to rebel against a revolution they saw as increasingly Parisian and extreme. By 1793 these rebellions had turned into widespread, open and violent revolt, with a revolutionary army/militia sent out to crush these enemies within. France was, in effect, engaging in a civil war at the same time as countries surrounding France looked to intervene and force a counter-revolution. The situation was, at times, desperate. Toulon The site of one such rebellion was Toulon, a port on the south coast of France. Here the situation was critical to the revolutionary government, as not only was Toulon an important naval base – France was engaged in wars against many of the monarchist states of Europe – but the rebels had invited in British ships and handed over control to their commanders. Toulon had some of the thickest and most advanced defenses, not just in France, but in Europe, and would have to be retaken by the revolutionary forces to help secure the nation. It was no easy task but had to be done quickly. The Siege and the Rise of Napoleon Command of the revolutionary army assigned to Toulon was given to General Carteaux, and he was accompanied by a ‘representative on mission’, basically a political officer designed to make sure he was being sufficiently ‘patriotic’. Carteaux began a siege of the port in 1793. The effects of the revolution on the army had been severe, as many of the officers had been nobility and as they were persecuted they fled the country. Consequently, there were many open spaces and plenty of promotion from lower ranks based on ability rather than birth rank. Even so, when the commander of Carteaux’s artillery was wounded and had to leave in September, it wasn’t purely skill that got a young officer called Napoleon Bonaparte appointed as his replacement, as both he and the representative on a mission who promoted him – Saliceti – were from Corsica. Carteaux had no say in the matter. Major Bonaparte now showed great skill in increasing and deploying his resources, using a keen understanding of terrain to slowly take key areas and undermine the British hold on Toulon. While who played the key role in the final act is debated, but Napoleon definitely played a vital role, and he was able to take full credit when the port fell on December 19th, 1793. His name was now known by key figures in the revolutionary government, and he was both promoted to Brigadier General and given command of the artillery in the Army of Italy. He would soon leverage this early fame into greater command, and use that opportunity to take power in France. He would use the military to establish his name in history, and it began at Toulon.

Overthrow By Stephen Kinzer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overthrow By Stephen Kinzer - Essay Example US Regime Change: Changing Tactics, Causes and Results Stay the Same The first thing one must do to understand the series of regime changes represented in Overthrow is to note the ways and reasons the methods of regime change differed throughout history. The first set of regime changes during the Imperial Era, were marked by a unique combination of willingness to use military force and a frankness about the fact that the United States had in fact orchestrated the changes in power. One can see an example of both principles in the regime change orchestrated in Panama in the early 20th century. At the outset of the 20th century, Panama was a colony of Columbia, and the Columbian government was unwilling to allow Americans to build a canal across part of their country, and rejected a treaty that would have given America the right to build one. In response to this America undertook military action in support of a rebellion it started, including sending warships to blockade ports in Panama. This rebellion, with American military support, was eventually succ essful, leading to a pro-American government in Panama. When questioned about this forceful ousting of the Columbian regime, then president Roosevelt simply said that it was Columbia’s own fault for ignoring â€Å"the plainest warnings† that America would take power if Columbia did not capitulate. This shows the way that in this Era, America was more than happy to use military force, and was so bold to even freely admit it would depose regimes who opposed American interests. Following the close of the Second World War and the outbreak of the Cold War, America had to start becoming more discreet about the ways it took power. During this period, the Soviet Union â€Å"limited [American] freedom of action,†4 because America could not risk undertaking activities which could bring on a Soviet reaction, which could possibly escalate to a war between the Soviet Union and America – a â€Å"cataclysmic† nuclear war neither side would truly win.5 These meant American operations were driven underground – covert operations such as financing opposition rebels or political parties (as Nixon did when trying to oust Allende)6 or secret assassinations (such as the â€Å"several times the CIA has tried to kill† Fidel Castro).7 Following World War II America could no longer openly attack foreign leaders, and could no longer admit to their actions publicly. With the winding down of military tensions and the eventual downfall of the Soviet Union, the major restriction on American military might was removed. The United States responded by engaging in an ever more forceful foreign policy, Probably the first instance of this new willingness to engage in full blown military conflict was the American Invasion of Grenada, conducted in 1983.8 One of the major distinguishing features of Warfare during the era of Invasion was that, though militarily America could once again act with impunity, the ideology of both the world and American

Plantwide and Department Allocation Methods within an Activity Based Essay

Plantwide and Department Allocation Methods within an Activity Based Costing System - Essay Example Costs are first allocated from resource cost pools such as plant wide and department cost allocations. The resource cost pools may associate materials and labor costs. Second, resource drivers are identified. Resource drivers are also called cost drivers that measure the consumption of resources by an activity and assign costs to such consumption. The result of the assignment is an activity cost pool for each activity. Plant wide and department allocation methods are derived from the allocation of overheads to production and service departments and then reallocating service departments cost to production departments in order to obtain the plant wide cost allocation. On the other hand, the ABC system assigns overheads to each major activity instead of departments. Therefore, the plant wide and department cost allocations are primarily used during identification of resource drivers and assignment of costs of resource consumption by an activity. However, because of the complexity and large number of cost centers needed in an ABC system, plant wide and department allocation method are still widely used in performance measurement. The ABC system is utilized in strategic decision making processes such as pricing, cost reduction, and customer profitability (Drury,